TIMELINE OF MODERN GREEK HISTORY

1821, March 25: Metropolitan Germanos of Patras blesses a Greek flag at the Monastery of Agia Lavra. Greece declares its independence. Beginning of the Greek War of Independence
1821, 10 April, Easter Monday: Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is hanged in the central outside portal of the Patriarchate by the Ottomans. The door has remained shut and out of use ever since[1]
1821, 17 April: Former Ecumenical Patriarch Cyril VI is hanged in the gate of the Adrianople's cathedral[2]
1821, 4 April: Constantine Mourousis, Dimitrios Paparigopoulos and Antonios Tsouras are decapitated by the Ottomans in Constantinople[3]
1821, 5 April: The Phanariotes Petros Tsigris, Dimitrios Skanavis and Manuel Hotzeris are decapitated, while Georgios Mavrocordatos is hanged by the Sultan forces in Constantinople[4]
1821, 23-24 April: Battle of Alamana. After the Greek defeat, Athanasios Diakos is impaled and put on a spit
1821, 4 May: Metropolitans Gregorios of Derkon, Dorotheos of Adrianople, Ioannikios of Tyrnavos, Joseph of Thessaloniki, and the Phanariote Georgios Callimachi and Nikolaos Mourousis are decapitated on Sultan orders in Constantinople[5]
1821, 9 July: The head of the Cypriot Orthodox Church Archbishop Kyprianos, along with 470 prominent Greek Cypriots, amongst them the Metropolitans Chrysanthos of Paphos, Meletios of Kition and Lavrentios of Kyrenia, are executed by beheading or hanging by the Ottomans in Nicosia[6]
1821, 11 September: Tripoli falls to the Greeks, who proceed to eliminate the Ottoman garrison and officials
1822: The Chios massacre takes place. A total of about 100,000 people perish
1822, 26 July, Battle at Dervenakia. A decisive victory of the Greeks which saved the revolution.
1823, 18 January: Nafplio becomes the seat of the Revolutionary Government
1823, March: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, under George Canning, recognizes the Greeks as a nation at war, thus recognizing de facto the Greek Independence
1824, 7-8 June: The island of Kasos is completely destroyed by the Turkish-Egyptian forces of Hussein Rushdi Pasha
1824, 21 June: More than 15,000 Greeks of Psara are slaughtered by the forces of Ibrahim Pasha
1824: The First Siege of Missolonghi takes place
1825, 22 May: Laskarina Bouboulina is assassinated in Spetses
1825, 5 June: Odysseas Androutsos is assassinated in Athens
1825, 6 November: Beginning of the Third Siege of Messolonghi
1826, 10-11 April: The Siege of Messolonghi (1825)#The Escape takes place. Approximately 8,000 Greek soldiers and civilians perish
1826, 24 June: Battle of Vergas
1826, 11 November: Prime Minister Andreas Zaimis transfers the seat of the government to Aegina
1827, 22-24 April: Battle of Phaleron. Georgios Karaiskakis is killed in action
1827, July 6: Signing of the Treaty of London
1827, 20 October: Battle of Navarino
1828, 24 January: John Capodistria is elected Governor of Greece
1828, 31 January: Alexander Ypsilantis dies in Vienna

CLASSICAL GREECE

6TH CENTURY
-336-323 BC
-EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT

232-280 BC
-DIADOCHIAN WARS
-OVER THE SUCCESSION TO ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE

323 BC
-264-241 BC
-FIRST PUNIC WAR BETWEEN ROME AND CARTHAGE

263-129 BC
-KINGDOM OF PERGAMON : FOUNDING OF THE GREAT LIBRARY AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE FAMED PERGAMON ALTAR.

THE EGYPT

-2600-2450 b.c
-1st DYNASTY IN UR.
-THE SOUTHERN
-MESOPOTAMIAN
-CITY BECOMES THE CENTRE OF SUMERICAN CULTURE

2600-2000 b.c
-EARLY MINION CULTURE
-ON CRETE : CIRCULAR GRAVE
-COMPLEXE GOLD JEWELLY
-BRONZE AND COPPER DAGGER
-MINION CULTURE

-2350-2300 b.c
-SARGON-SUBDUES
-MESOPOTAMIA,PART OF SYRIA,ASIA MINOR,AND FOUNDS AKKADIAN EMPIRE,NEW WEAPON AND MILITARY TECHNIQUE

-2800-1535 b.c
-MIDDLE KINGDOM AND 2nd INTERMEDIATE PERIOD IN EGYPT : FORTIFICATION OF THE CITIES 2nd GOLDEN AGE IN EGYPT

THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZAH,3rd MILLENIUM b.c WITH A LENGTH OF MORE THAN 750 ft (230m) ON THE EDGE AND A HEIGHT OF ALMOST 500 ft (230m) THE CHEOPS PYRAMID IS THE LARGE..

THE APPLICABLE PROCEDURES INVOLVE ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1.PRE-DESIGN STAGE
2.DESIGN STAGE:a.SCHEMATIC
b.DESIGN ENDORSEMENT
c.DESIGN DEVELOPEMENT
d.FINAL DESIGN
e.DESIGN AUDIT
3.PRODUCTION STAGE
4.TENDER ACTION
5.PROJECT-CONTRACT

BASIC PRODUCTION MODEL IN HOLISM OF ARCHITECTURE

1.INTENTION-NIAT
2.ACT-PERBUATAN
3.PRODUCT-PENGHASILAN
4.ACTOR-PELAKU
5.RULE-UNDANG-UNDANG/SYARAT
6.SITE-TEMPAT/KAWASAN

I've been robbed!!!

Last 30th August 2008,i'm on my way back to PERAK from MELAKA with my classmates from b.sc. ARCHITECTURE.We when to melaka for our site trip doing final project of BABA AND NYONYA HOUSE.On that unfortunate time,we girls went to 'musolla' to fulfill our prayer.We didn't know why on that moment,we didn't even think of any goodness sake that could be happen such as robbery.We,all 7 of us,prayed at the same time,after settling down and folding our 'telekung',we all took our things and suddenly,me n my friend,JUNI,realised that our handphone was missing..we searched everywhere but it was all hopeless..then,JUNI cried and cried and cried because her handphone was a gift from her beloved father,i am still strong by that time cause..urm..i don't know..then..i realised something..

WHERE IS MY HANDBAG???!!!!well,as u all can guess,it had been stolen too and the thief that i suspect was a woman which was also inside the 'musolla' with us.!AND WHAT'S MORE..she brought aloung her child doing the mischief too..it was all sooooooooooooooooooooooo unresponsible and rude..i dare say it was that woman's did cause she seems weird and her behaviour by looking around make me guess it was her's ungrateful job!!
she did that while we prayed!!

Then only i felt sad and cried and sob sob sob..all my things,my i/c,my bankcards,my car license and everythings inside the bad was stolen including my UITM metrix card too..

Well,what to do..i'm crying for nothing,those will not return to me anymore unless i am really lucky.Let us just pray to the almighty that she will get the lessons and WILL REGRET SOON.

GRAVE..THE LAST PLACE TO LIVE AND SHELTER

Di masa itu hendaklah kamu menjawab soalan-soalan mereka dengan cermat dan sehabis-habis terang, tepat dan betul.Janganlah berasa gementar, janganlah cuak dan janganlah bergopoh-gapah, biarlah tenang dan berhati-hati.Hendaklah kamu jawab begini:Allah Taala Tuhanku,Muhammad nabiku,Islam agamaku,kitab suci Al-Quran ikutanku,Baitullah itu qiblatku, malahan solah lima waktu, puasa di bulan Ramadhan,mengeluarkan zakat dan mengerjakan haji diwajibkan ke atas aku.Semua orang Islam dan orang yang beriman adalah saudara aku, bahkan dari masa hidup hingga aku mati aku mengucap: "La ila ha illallah Muhammad dur rasulullah".
Wahai SAYA Bin IBU SAYA tetapkanlah hatimu, inilah dia suatu dugaan yang paling besar. Ingatlah bahawa kamu sekarang sedang tinggal di dalam alam Barzakh, sehingga sampai satu masa kelak, kamu akan dibangunkan semula untuk berkumpul di Padang Mahsyar.
Insaflah wahai SAYA Bin IBU SAYA, bahawasanya mati ini adalah benar, soalan malaikat Mungkar dan Nakir di dalam kubur ini adalah benar,bangun dari kubur kemudian kita dihidupkan semula adalah benar, berkumpul dan berhimpun di Padang Mahsyar adalah benar, dihisab dan dikira segala amalan kamu adalah benar, minum di kolam air nabi adalah benar, ada syurga dan neraka adalah benar.
Bahawa senya hari Kiamat tetap akan adanya, begitu juga Tuhan yang maha berkuasa akan membangkitkan semula orang-orang yang di dalam kubur.Di akhirnya kami ucapkan selamat berpisah dan selamat tinggal kamu disisi Allah Taala.Semoga Tuhan akan memberi sejahtera kepada kamu. Tuhan jua yang menetapkan hati kamu. Kami sekalian berdoa mudah-mudahan Allah Taala menjinakkan hati kamu yang liar, dan Allah menaruh belas kasihan kepada kamu yang berdagang seorang diri di dalam kubur ini.Mudah-mudahan Tuhan akan memberi keampunan dan memaafkan kesalahan kamu serta menerima segala amal kebajikan kamu.Ya Allah Ya Tuhan, kami merayu dan bermohon kepada Mu supaya tidak disiksa mayat ini dengan kemegahan penghulu kami Muhammad SAW.
Subhana rabbika rabbil izati amma ya sifun wassallamu alalmursalinwalham dulillahi rabbil alamin.Setiap yang bernafas, Pasti akan Mati - "Kullu nafsin za iqatul maut"

THE END OF THE THE WORLD!!

Turunnya Nabi Isa Dari Langit;-

Dari Jabir bin Abdullah r.a. bahawa Rasulullah s.a.w. bersabda: Sentiasa ada golongan dari umatku yang berjuang membela kebenaran sehingga Hari Kiamat. Pada ketika itu Nabi Isa akan turun. Berkatalah pemimpin mereka kepada Nabi Isa: “Dipersilakan tuan mengimami kami bersolat!” Nabi Isa a.s, menjawab: “Tidak! Kerana antara kamu sekalian saling pimpin-memimpin sebagai kehormatan dari Allah kepada umat ini.”;-

(Riwayat Muslim).


Isa a.s. memburu Dajjal;-

Daripada Urwah bin Mas'ud Ats Tsaqafi berkata, "Saya mendengar Abdullah bin Amr berkata bahawa Rasulullah s.a.w bersabda: Dajjal itu akan keluar dari kalangan umatku, kemudian ia menetap selama empat puluh 40. Yang meriwayatkan hadis ini berkata: "Saya tidak mengerti apakah yang dimaksudkan itu empat puluh 40 hari atau empat puluh 40 bulan atau empat puluh 40 tahun..." Selanjutnya baginda bersabda: "Allah mengutus Isa mencari Dajjal itu kemudian membinasakannya. Setelah itu manusia menetap seperti biasa selama tujuh 7 tahun. Tidak ada pertengkaran antara dua 2 orang (pada waktu itu umat manusia hidup dalam kerukunan;-

(Riwayat Muslim).

AR-RAQIM..WHAT DOES IT MEAN????

I GOT A BEATIFUL STORY BASED ON AL-QURAN..I LOVE TO SHARE THE STORY BECAUSE IT GOT SOMETHING THAT CONNECTED WITH BUILDING-A CAVE-

Allah consoles Muhammad for his grief over the unbelievers’ obstinacy (v. 6), and reminds him that the attractions of this life are merely a test (v. 7).

Then verses 9-26 tell the story of the “companions of the Cave and of the Inscription” (Al-Kahf and Ar-Raqim, v. 9). Al-Kahf is the cave in which the young men slept for 300 or 309 years (v. 25, with the difference being the discrepancy between the solar and lunar calendars), miraculously protected by Allah. There is no agreement on the meaning of Al-Raqim; some say it refers to a nearby valley or mountain, while Anas and Sha‘bi contend it was the name of their dog, who was with them and is mentioned in verses 18 and 22. Sa‘id bin Jubayr said it was “a tablet of stone on which they wrote the story of the people of the Cave, then they placed it at the entrance to the Cave” – hence, “the Inscription.”

These were, according to Ibn Kathir, “boys or young men” who were “more accepting of the truth and more guided than the elders who had become stubbornly set in their ways and clung to the religion of falsehood.” They acknowledge the oneness of Allah and reject the idols of their people; Allah protects them from the idolaters by sheltering them in the cave (vv. 14-16).
Although the young men remained in the cave for three centuries, when they were asked how long they had been there, they answered: “We have stayed (perhaps) a day, or part of a day” (v. 19). Allah “turned them on their right and on their left sides” (v. 18) – presumably to preserve their bodies from decay while they slept, for, says Ibn Abbas, “If they did not turn over, the earth would have consumed them.” Their dog, meanwhile, was “stretching forth his two fore-legs on the threshold” (v. 18) – in other words, he wasn’t precisely inside the cave, so that he wouldn’t keep angels from entering it. “He was sitting outside the door,” explains Ibn Kathir, “because the angels do not enter a house in which there is a dog, as was reported in As-Sahih, nor do they enter a house in which there is an image, a person in a state of ritual impurity or a disbeliever, as was narrated in the Hasan Hadith.” Bukhari records that tradition, in which Muhammad says: “Angels do not enter a house wherein there is a dog or a picture of a living creature.” Nevertheless, continues Ibn Kathir: “The blessing they enjoyed extended to their dog, so the sleep that overtook them overtook him too. This is the benefit of accompanying good people, and so this dog attained fame and stature. It was said that he was the hunting dog of one of the people which is the more appropriate view, or that he was the dog of the king’s cook, who shared their religious views, and brought his dog with him.”

I JUST COPY A SHORT PARAGRAPH BECAUSE I JUST WANT TO INTRODUCE U ALL THAT BUILDING HAD EXISTS SINCE THE CENTURY OF OUR PROPHET MUHAMMAD WHICH MEANS THAT A CAVE IS THE FIRST BUILDING THAT GAVE SHELTERED TO PEOPLE IN OLDEN TIMES..

Theory in architecture?what is it?

I THINK,ARCHITECTURE BASICALLY NOT DEPENDS ON AN EARLY THEORY FOR IT TO BECOME A PROFESSIONAL CARIER NOWADAYS..

'Beauty is truth, truth beauty, - that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.'
John Keats, Ode to a Grecian Urn

The role of architecture is ... to make utilitarian structures. Beauty can be added to it, but at
this point it becomes similar to other visual arts - you may see a building as beautiful
as a painting, but that doesn't make the building in itself a piece of art! It is not the building as such which is artistic, but some aspects of its form.

As Tom Wolfe points out so hilariously in The Painted Word, in much modern 'art' the theory itself is the art - the so-called artworks themselves are distinctly secondary. Torres and Kamhi fall into this trap by discussing at length assorted theories about architecture, while forgetting that arguments about art and architecture actually require 'fieldwork' - experience and understanding of the artworks themselves and discussion about particular concrete examples. Metaphorically speaking, these theorists are like Goethe studying optics - they never leave their own armchair. Their fieldwork is undone, and their conclusions as a consequence are mistaken.Instead of a wealth of examples of architecture, theorists such as Batteau, D'Alembert, Alberti, the Kantian Roger Scruton and others are wheeled on and their weak architectural theories summarily dismissed; buildings themselves appear only as an uncomfortable and awkward intrusion and are mentioned only clumsily and in passing. The failing is not in this chapter alone, but is a common fault throughout their book. One senses that, unlike Alexandra York who seems to revel in experiencing fresh new artworks, they instead prefer to talk about art than to experience it. This fault, I submit, leads them directly to their mistaken ideas about architecture.

I TOOK THE ABOVE INFORMATION FROM THE INTERNET AND AFTER I READ AND UNDERSTAND THE PARAGRAPHS I CONCLUDE THAT ARCHITECTURE IS NOT A THEORY BUT AN APPLICATION..

BUT EVERYBODY HAVE THEIR OWN OPINION ABOUT WHAT TEORY IN ARCHITECTURE MEANS..THESE,IS WHAT I ONLY UNDERSTAND ABOUT IT..

The architects main soulmate!!BUILDINGS!

ARCHITECTS AND BUILDINGS ARE LIKE BESTFRIEND..BUILDINGS EXISTS THROUGH THE DESIGNS FROM ARCHITECTS..NOWADAYS,THERE ARE THOUSANDS OF BUILDINGS WHOLE OVER THE WORLD..WHO CREATE THEM?????
YES,YOU ARE RIGHT..ARCHITECT IS THE ANSWER..

''Building requires preservation and maintenance of buildings of the past, which have historical and architectural significance. It is a process which leads to the prolongation of the life of cultural property and for its utilization now and in the future.
Building conservation has long been of concern, although its popular applications is relatively recent in origin. In Malaysia, the practice of building conservation is considered new in the local architectural scene. In the past few years, many historic buildings have been preserved and conserved while others have been converted to become premises for a bank, restaurant, information centre or a printing office.
Before practising building conservation, one including an architect, building contractor, planner or anyone who has the interest in saving an historic building must have a broad understanding of the field itself. This is of course to ensure that any action carried out during the conservation work is properly performed and is in accord not only with the building requirements but is within the scope of contemporary knowledge of the subject. The main purpose of this paper is to study the common problems of historic buildings in Malaysia and proportion of building conditions. This includes a discussion on building materials and their common problems or defects mainly of timber, stone, brick and plaster.''

THESE IS WHAT Dr A. GHAFAR AHMAD SAID ABOUT THE BUILDINGS IN ARCHITECTURE..
what can i conclude about what he said was that architects are mainly a carieer of designing a building and without architect,building will exists but not in professional way..

HOLISM IN ARCHITECTURE..

HOLISM?WHAT IS THE DEFINITION?WHAT IS THE MEANING IN ARCHITECTURE CONTEXT?

I GOT A TASK FROM MY LECTURE,MR FIRDAUS TO SEARCH AND STUDY ABOUT HOLISM IN ARCHITECTURE,SO,HERE IT IS..(^_^)


The definition of holism is
''The view that the whole is more than its parts. In earlier geographies, the region has been seen as having a distinct identity which does not come entirely from its separate parts. A holist looks at the workings of concepts like ‘culture’ or ‘society’ rather than the workings of individuals.''


In architectural context
''Architecture and industrial design are often seen as enterprises, which constitute a whole, or to put it another way, design is often argued to be an holistic enterprise.In architecture and industrial design holism tends to imply an all-inclusive design perspective, which is often regarded as somewhat exclusive to the two design professions. Holism is often considered as something that sets architects and industrial designers apart from other professions that participate in design projects. This view is supported and advocated by practising designers and design scholars alike, who often argue that architecture and industrial design have a distinct holistic character.''

ACTUALLY EVERYONE,THERE ARE MANY ANSWERS ABOUT WHAT HOLISM IN ARCHITECTURE IS BUT WHAT I WROTE HERE IS THE EASY ANSWERS FOR U TO UNDERSTAND..

HOLISM IN ARCHITECTURE..

What is the connection between 'architect' and 'architecture'??

ARCHITECT?ARCHITECTURE?ARE THEY SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER?WHAT IS THE DIFFERENTS?WHAT IS THE CONNECTION?COULD ONE SURVIVE IF THE OTHER DIDN'T EXISTS?

I think both depends on each other.Without architecture,architect's won't exist till today..

''An architect must thoroughly understand the building and operational codes to which his or her design must conform, so that he or she is not apt to omit any necessary requirements, or produce improper, conflicting, ambiguous, or confusing requirements. Architects must also understand the various methods available to the builder for building the client's structure, so that he or she can negotiate with the client to produce a best possible compromise of the results desired within explicit cost and time boundaries.
The idea of what constitutes a result desired varies among architects, as the architectural design values which underlie modern architecture differ both between the schools of thought which influence architecture and between individual practising architects.''

''The term architecture can be used to mean a process, a profession or documentation.As a process, architecture is the activity of designing and construction buildings and other physical structures by a person or a machine,primarily done to provide socially purposeful shelter. A wider definition often includes the design of the total built environment, from the macro level of how a building integrates with its surrounding man made landscape to the micro level of architectural or construction details and, sometimes,furniture. Wider still, architecture is the activity of designing any kind of system.As a profession, architecture is the role of those persons or machines providing architectural services.
As documentation, usually based on drawings, architecture defines the structure and behaviour of a building or any other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.

Architects have as their primary object providing for the spatial and shelter needs of people in groups of some kind by the creative organisation of materials and components in a land or city scape, dealing with mass, space, form,volume,texture,structure,light,shadow,materials,program,and pragmatic elements such as cost, construction limitations and technology, to achieve an end which is functional, economical, practical and often with artistic and aesthetic aspects. This distinguishes architecture from engineering design, which has as its primary object the creative manipulation of materials and forms using mathematical and scientific principles.''

WHAT I LEARNED FROM THE ABOVE SENTENCES WAS THAT BOTH ARCHITECT AND ARCHITECTURE REALLY DEPENDS ON EACH OTHER.ARCHITECT IS NOT A MACHINE THAT COULD JUST DESIGN AND CREATE SOMETHING WITHOUT THE HELP FROM ARCHITECTURE.ARCHITECT MUST STUDY THE ARCHITECTURE BEFORE THEY MASTER THE ARCHITECTURE SKILLS.ARCHITECT IS ONE OF THE PROFESSIONAL PROFESSION THAT EXISTS NOWADAYS.SO,THIS CARIEER WAS NOT A JOKE TO BE MADE BECAUSE ARCHITECTS DESIGN THE PLACE TO BE NICER AND PROVIDES COMFORT TO HUMAN BEING,ANIMALS,INSECTS AND GREENERY SURROUNDINGS.

Architect?where does the phrase come from?

DOES EVERYBODY KNOW WHAT IS ARCHITECT?INDEED IF U KNOW?WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?I KNOW THAT THERE ARE MANY ANSWERS FORM THOUSANDS OF SOURCES..I STUDY ABOUT IT AND FOUND THE ANSWERS IN THE INTERNET SOURCE..THIS IS WHAT IT SAID ABOUT ARCHITECT..

"An architect is a person who is involved in the PLANNING,DESIGN, and oversight of a BUILDING'S CONSTRUCTION. The word "architect" comes from Latin architectus, which in turn derives from Greek arkhitekton (arkhi, chief + tekton, builder). In its broadest sense, an architect is a person who translates a user's requirements into a built environment.
Architects must frequently make professional decisions that affect the safety and well being of the general public. Architects are required to obtain specialized education and experience to obtain a license to practice architecture, similar to the requirements for other professionals. The requirements for practice vary from place to place.
The words "architect" and "architecture" are also used by professionals in other engineering like disciplines, notably by software architect."

Well,i think that architect is a designer that focus it's professionality in creating a place and scenery.Those designs give hundreds of benefits to human being.I LOVE AND ADORE ARCHITECTS WORK!!